Which of the following factors can affect chemical equilibrium?

Chemical equilibrium refers to the state in a reversible reaction where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products. Various factors can influence this balance, leading to shifts in the equilibrium position, and this includes concentration, temperature, and pressure.

Concentration changes affect equilibrium because increasing the concentration of reactants typically drives the reaction towards the products to maintain balance, while decreasing reactant concentration shifts it toward the reactants. Similarly, if the products' concentration is increased, the system will adjust by favoring the reverse reaction to consume some of the excess products.

Temperature also plays a critical role, particularly for reactions that are endothermic or exothermic. According to Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the temperature of an exothermic reaction causes the equilibrium to shift towards the reactants, while for endothermic reactions, it shifts towards the products. This thermal nature of reactions directly impacts how systems respond to temperature changes.

Pressure is relevant in reactions involving gases, especially when the number of moles of gas differs on either side of the equilibrium. Increasing the pressure shifts the equilibrium towards the side with fewer gas moles to lessen the pressure, while decreasing it shifts towards the side with