What type of solution is characterized by a dynamic equilibrium between the solution and a solid solute?

A solution characterized by a dynamic equilibrium between the solution and a solid solute is known as a saturated solution. In a saturated solution, there is a specific amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature. Once this limit is reached, any additional solute will not dissolve and will remain in solid form, leading to an equilibrium where the rate of dissolution of the solid solute equals the rate of crystallization back to the solid phase.

A supersaturated solution, on the other hand, contains more solute than can normally be dissolved at a given temperature. This can happen under specific conditions when a saturated solution is prepared at a higher temperature and then cooled down. In this state, the solution is not in equilibrium, as it contains excess solute that hasn't precipitated out yet.

An unsaturated solution has less solute than the maximum amount that can dissolve in the solvent at that temperature, meaning more solute can still be added and dissolved.

Hypertonic describes a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, often in the context of comparing the concentrations inside and outside cells, but it is not relevant to the concept of a dynamic equilibrium with a solid solute.