What is the primary role of supercritical fluids in extraction processes?

The primary role of supercritical fluids in extraction processes is to alter solubility properties. Supercritical fluids, such as supercritical carbon dioxide, possess unique characteristics that can be manipulated by adjusting temperature and pressure. In the supercritical state, these fluids exhibit both gas-like and liquid-like properties, allowing them to dissolve certain compounds more effectively than either a liquid or gas alone. This ability to modify solubility helps in selectively extracting desired components from a mixture while leaving unwanted substances behind.

For example, in the food and beverage industry, supercritical CO2 is often used to extract flavors and fragrances without the use of harsh organic solvents, preserving the quality of the final product. This selective solubilization capability is central to the efficiency and effectiveness of the extraction process, making it a crucial aspect of using supercritical fluids in various applications.