What describes a solution that contains more solute than would normally dissolve at a given temperature?

A solution that contains more solute than would normally dissolve at a given temperature is classified as supersaturated. In a supersaturated solution, the concentration of solute exceeds the solubility limit under the existing conditions, which can occur through processes such as cooling a saturated solution without allowing crystallization to happen or through evaporation of the solvent at controlled conditions. This state is unstable, and if any disturbance occurs (such as adding a seed crystal), the excess solute will precipitate out.

In contrast, a saturated solution is one where the maximum amount of solute has dissolved at that temperature, while an unsaturated solution still has the capacity to dissolve more solute. A colloidal solution contains small particles that do not settle out, which is unrelated to the concept of solubility limits. Thus, supersaturation is specifically defined by its ability to hold more solute than the saturation point, marking it distinct from the other options provided.